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Test organism for assay of drugs
Test organism
for assay of drugs
1) All
the penicillins are assayed by S.aureus( also cephalosporins) except
Carbenicillin
And ticarcillin----Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
2) Ampicillins,
bacitracin,erythromycin,lincomycin, clindamycin—Micrococcus luteus.
3)
Polyene anti-biotics- Saccharomyces
cerevisae
Amphotericin B, Natamycin, Nystatin.
4)
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Pneumoniae
5)
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epidermidis
6)
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7)
Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Vancomycin, Mitomycin, Streptomycin, Framycetin—B. Subtillis
8)
Kanamycin sulphate- B.pumillus,S.
aureus
9)
Kanamycin B- B.subtillis
10)Polymyxin B- Bordetella bronchiseptica
11) Gramicidin-Streptococcus Faecium
12) Bleomycin- Mycobacterium Smegmatis
Wednesday, May 23, 2012
Tuesday, May 22, 2012
Monday, May 21, 2012
NMR
NMR
INTRODUCTION
. NMR is absorption spectrometry.
. Permits identification of atomic configuration.
. Radiofrequency waves are used in NMR.RF waves have long wavelength so less
energy.
. Range of RF is from 30 KHZ TO 30 MHZ.
. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell received Nobel Prize for NMR discovery.
. NMR mechanism includes change in spin orientation on exposure to magnetic
field.
. Spin quantum number(I) describes angular momentum.
. Total spin quantum number depends on the number of nucleons and symmetry of
charge distribution.
. Precessional frequency-No. of spin carried out by the nucleus in the presence of
magnetic field per second.
Thus when magnetic field applied the nucleus spins with precessional frequency.
Before application of magnetic field it was moving with random frequency.
. When no magnetic field, only one energy level. but in presence of magnetic field
2 energy levels with aligned and opposite orientations of the nuclear spins.
. Precessional frequency is directly proportional to field strength(ƒË)
ƒË . Bo
. Remember-
When mag.field=1.4 tesla,ƒË=60MHZ.
When mag.field=2.3 tesla,ƒË=100MHZ.
When mag.field=7.0tesla,ƒË=300MHZ.
When mag.field=14.1Tesla,ƒË=600MHZ.
1 Tesla=104 Gauss.so 1.4 Tesla=14000 Gauss.
Imp-Tesla is measure of magnetic flux density not field strength.
. Resonance occurs when,
Applied frequency from RF oscillator=precissional frequency of spinning nucleus.
. VARIOUS NUCLEUS
. When mass no. is odd,atomic no.odd/even spin quantum number(SQN) is in
fraction e:g 1H=1/2,11B=3/2.,13C=19F=31P=1/
2.
. When mass no. is even,atomic no.odd spin quantum number(SQN) is in integer;
E;g 10B=3,14N=1.2D=1.
rem = they exhibit quadrapole moment.
. When mass no. is even,atomic no.even spin quantum number(SQN) is 0.
E:g 12C=0,16O=0.
IMPORTANT POINTS (continued)c
. No of possible orientations= 2I+1,so 1H will have 2 and 2D & 14N will have 3 orientations.
. Imp.formula
ƒÖ = GHo
ƒÖ=larmor frequency.
But ƒÖ=2ƒÎƒË,so ultimate equation,
ƒË = GBo/2ƒÎ
G = ƒÊ/I
E=gyro magnetic ratio
ƒÊ=nuclear magnetic moment
I=nuclear angular momentum.
. Remember = gyro magnetic ratio of 1H=268,while of 13C NMR is 67.so 13 C NMR is 4
times less sensitive than 1H NMR. so if the resonance frequency of particular nucleus
in1HNMR is 300 MHZ, in 13CNMR it is 300/4 = 75MHZ.
Gyro magnetic ratio of 2H is 1/3 of 1H.
. There are some more nuclei in lower energy state which are responsible
for absorption of RF. so NMR phenomenon occurs. This distribution is
according to Boltzmannfs law.
frequency Excess nuclei frequency Excess nuclei
20 3 100 16
40 6 200 32
60 9 300 48
80 12 600 96
Relaxation process of nucleus
. Spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation-gives energy to lattice so system
gets heated.
. Spin-spin or transverse relaxation-give energy to nearby nuclei so no net
change in energy of system.
REMEMBER:spin-lattice relaxation time (T1)determines the rate at which
absorption of RF can occur.
Rememeber : relaxation process follow first order process and T1 is the
reciprocal of first order rate constant.
T2 is spin-spin relaxation time.
Remember-
if T1 and T2 small,broad absorption lines,if they r large sharp
abs. lines.
FOR non-viscous solids T1 is large so sharp lines in NMR spectrum.
FOR 14N nucleus T1 is small due to quadrapole so broad signals in 14N NMR.
REMEMBER
. Solids are difficult to analyze by NMR so MAGIC ANGLE is used for solid
samples which is 54.6 degree. Thus solid samples are oriented at this angle
and observed.thus solids can be analyzed.
INSTRUMENTATION
. Magnet
. RF oscillator
. Sweep generator
. RF receiver
. Recorder
Internal standards
. TMS(tetramethyl silane)(0.01-1%) . universally accepted,used only in organic
solvents.TMS is used in 1H and 13C NMR.
. Sodium salt of 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propane sulfonic acid and DDS is used in
aqueous solvents.
. CFCl3 for 19F NMR.
. H3PO4 for 31P NMR.
. NH3(absolute standard) and nitromathane(mostly used) for 14N NMR.
. Water for 17O NMR.
CHEMICAL SHIFT
. Expressed in ppm (delta or tau) units.
E=10-ƒÂ
High delta value=downfield
Low delta value=upfield
For tau it is reverse.
Rem - ƒÂ is dimensionless number and it is field independent.
. Chemical shift values depend on shielding and deshielding.
TMS has 12 protons to shielding of nucleus by protons so less ƒÂ i:e=0.
If electronegative element, like Cl than removal of electrons near nucleus
so deshielding so large ƒÂ.
. Chemical shift values range from 1-20.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
. Hybridization effect
. Electronegativity- Protons which are attatched to the most electronegative
atoms are considered to be highly deshielded. It results in increase in chemical
shift value.
. Van der walls deshielding-observed in rigid molecules.effect less than 1 ppm.
. Anisotropic effect-called space effect also.anisotopic means effects are not
same in all directions (in some direction effect is paramagnetic,in some directions
it is diamagnetic).(TABLETS are anisotropic in nature).
Due to this effect ƒÂ value of proton is higher in ethane,lower than expected in
ethyne,higher in aldehyde and acids.(for more refer pavia).
. Hydrogen bonding-increases ƒÂ.
Solvents for NMR
. CDCl3 mostly used.
. Should not contain hydrogen (aprotic solvents)
. For polar solutes-D2O,DMSO-d6,CCl2,CS2 ,CF3.
. Compound solubility should be atleast 10%.
TWO METHODS OF RECORDING NMR
1. CONTINUOUS WAVE METHOD
. RF remains constant and mag. Field is varied. This is called
sweeping.
2. Fourier transform methods.
. In this, the sample is irradiated with strong pulse of
radiofrequency energy containing all frequency of 1H range.
. It gives spectrum in frequency domain.
. Pulse duration is 10 microsecond and then pulse is switched off
so nuclei get relaxed.
. Process of transfer of magnetization from RF to nuclei is called
free induction decay.
. Higher sensitivity, can work in low concentrations.
. Used for sparingly soluble substances.
GOLAY COILS/SHIMMING COILS
. These are used to increase the accuracy of the instrument.
. They are electromagnetic coils which induce small electromagnetic
fields in order to improve the inhomogenity of the field.(sample can
also be spun to remove inhomogenity)
IMP-ringing phenomenon is produced in CW mode and not in FTNMR mode.
REMEMBER
. Sensitivity is ratio of signal to noise. For 1HNMR,quartet of ethyl
benzene spectrum is used for calculating S/N ratio and for
13CNMR,largest aromatic peak in ethyl benzene spectrum is used as
standard.
A VERY VERY IMPORTANT POINT
. Superconducting magnets are used for higher fields. A metal
becomes a super conductor when it is cooled in liquid helium at
4K(Kelvin).
. Niobium and Titanium alloy is used as superconductor.
. For higher fields like 10 T, Nb3Sn can be used.
Chemical shift table (only imp)(for more refer pavia-but these are
enough)
structure Chem..shift structure Chemical shift
alkane 0.5-1.5 Aliphatic ketone 2-2.7
alkene 1.5-3.0 OCH3(methoxy) 3.82
alkyne 1.7-2.7 Benzylic proton 2.3-2.7
Benzene and
aromatics
6-9 Aliphatic ester 3.5-5
aldehyde 8-10 Phenolic proton 4-7
acid 11-12 amide 5-9
Imp-CDCl3 solvent gives peak at 7-7.5, which is a solvent peak.
IMPORTANT POINTS
. If protons are magnetically and chemically equivalent as in CH3, only
one signal for that proton.
. Two protons are chemically equivalent if they are in same chemical
environment and have same chemical shift value.
. Two protons are magnetically equivalent if each couples equally to
neighboring proton.
. Chemical eq. means chemical shift equivalency.
. Magnetic eq. means coupling equivalency.
. Accidental equivalence- It is observed in 2,5-dichloro nitrobenzene.
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
. The signal splits according to the n+1 rule. This is due to coupling
interaction between neighboring protons.
. E;g CH3CH2OH
Singlet for OH (bcoz proton is not directly attached with carbon).
Quartet for CH2 (bcoz in neighbor 3 protons so n+1=3+1=4).
Triplet for CH3 (bcoz in neighbor 2 protons so n+1=2+1=3).
. It is also field independent.
COUPLING COSTANT(J)
. Measure of interaction between nuclei.
. It is separation between the peaks in the multiplets.
. It is independent of magnetic field.
. Unit is HZ
. Cis form in alkenes J value is 4-12.
. Trans form in alkenes J value is 12-18.
TYPES OF COUPING
. Germinal-10-18 Hz,strong and on same carbon.
. Vicinal-0-12 Hz in rigid systems,and 8 Hz in freely rotating carbons.it is
between neighbouring protons.
. Long range-in alkanes,small coupling.
. Aromatic: ortho-7-10Hz,meta- 2-3 Hz,para 0-1 Hz.
. Allylic-in allyl chloride,four bond coupling and it is small(0-2 Hz)
RESTRICTED ROTATION
. Observed in N,N dimethyl formamide.
. Two signals for methyl proton instead of one at room temp.
. This is due to restricted rotation due to resonance.
. At 130 deg. C it gives one signal.
REMEMBER
. Karpluss equation is related with vicinal coupling which explains
variation in vicinal coupling constant with dihedral angle(G)
. Largest vicinal C.C when protons are in trans position (G=180 deg.)
. Smallest vicinal C.C when (G=90 dg.).
. For cis form (G=0 dg.) and C.C is large.
O Dueteriation technique is used to detect the presence of OH groups.
O Virtual coupling is observed in long alkyl chains as a result spectra gets
distorted.
THERE ARE 3 WAYS TO SIMPLIFY COMPLEX NMR SPECTRA.
O By increasing field strength
O By double irradiation . one proton is irradiated with high energy so speedy
transitions so no coupling with neighboring proton so no complex spectra.
For this technique chemical shift positions for the coupling multiplets
should be no closer than 1 ppm.
O By using shift reagents . praseodymium (gives low shifts), europium,
ytterbium, holmium, erbium are used (all give higher shifts).
O Lanthanide elements are used.
O All shift reagents are mild lewis acids.
O Shift reagents are paramagnetic.
O They are used in non-polar solvents.
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT
O Space effect
O One proton irradiated and other neighbouring proton in space gives
enhanced signal. Effect is upto shorter distance (3.5 angstrom).It
tells about whether two protons are near to each other are not.
O Range for this effect is 2-4 angstrom.
O Isovanillin shows this effect. Many other compounds can also show
this effect.
13C NMR
˜ Gyromagnetic ratio of 13C NMR is 4 times less than that of proton NMR so 4
times less sensitive.
˜ Spin quantum no. is . for 13C.
˜ Relative abundance of 13C is 1.1 %.
˜ Generally spectra is recorded by pulsed FTNMR mode.
˜ Chemical shift values range from 1-200.
˜ Heteronuclear coupling occurs because SQN for H and 13C is same (i:e .)
so decoupler is to be used in order to prevent coupling between 13C and 1H.
˜ To increase the line intensity in spectrum paramagnetic species like
chromium acetylacetonate and shift reagents are added.
OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS
DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) SPECTRA
O It increases sensitivity by a factor of for 13C.
In DEPT technique,sample is irradiated with a complex sequence of
pulses in both 13C and 1H channels.The result of these pulse sequences
is that 13C signal in the carbon atom will exhibit different phases
depending on number of hydrogen atoms attached to it. Each type of
carbon behaves slight differently, depending on duration of complex
pulses.
COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy)
O It is a 2D-NMR.
O It can be homonuclear or heteronuclear.
O This techniques enables correlation to be made between protons which
are coupled to each other
HMQC (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence) and HMBC (Heteronuclear
Multiple Bond Coherence)
2D inverse correlation techniques that allow for the determination of
connectivity between two different nuclear species.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
O Diagnostic technique which uses NMR principle.
O MAXIMUM OF 1.5 TESLA MAGNETIC FIELD CAN BE USED.
O CARDIAC PATIENTS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR MRI.
CIDNP (Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization)
O A technique which induces polarization by chemical reaction.
GPAT AND NIPER ASKED QUESTIONS FROM
THE CHAPTER
(Answers find yourself)
1. Chemical shift is expressed in?
2. Magic angle in NMR is?
3. MRI uses which technique?
4. Difference between 13C NMR and 1H NMR in terms of sensitivity (GPAT-2010)-4
options were given and u have to find wrong answer.
5. Splitting related question i:e a compound was given and we have to find out the
no of splits for that.
6. Standard in NMR?
7. Hydrogen bond can be detected by?(IR can also detect, bur most widely used is
Raman so if RAMAN is given you tick that)
8. Methyl chloride cause ( shielding or deshielding)?
9. No. of peaks in 1,3 dichloropropane?
10. RF range?
11. 1 Tesla is equal to how many gauss?
12. Radio frequency oscillator is used in?
13. Unit of coupling constant?
14. NMR can give information about?
15. Shimming coils are used in which technique?
16. Solvent for NMR? Choose appropriate from options.
17. No of peaks in 1,4 dioxane?
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Nuclear Overhauser Effect is upto how much angstrom?
2. COSY is?
3. If applied frequency for 1H NMR is 600 MHZ, then what will be the applied
frequency in 13C NMR?
4. Relative abundance of 13C?
5. Which moeity will give inverse peak in DEPT?
6. Full form of DEPT?
7. Karpluss equation is related with?
8. Unit of delta?(donft say ppm, it is dimensionless)
9. Cis form and trans form J value?
10. CDCl3 will give peak at?
11. Which spectroscopy will result in quadrapole?
12. In 60 MHZ instrument, no. of excess nuclei will be?
13. Aldehyde chemical shift?
14. Which effect is responsible of low delta value in alkyne although it is more
electronegative than alkene and alkane?
15. Gyro magnetic ratio is the ratio of?
INTRODUCTION
. NMR is absorption spectrometry.
. Permits identification of atomic configuration.
. Radiofrequency waves are used in NMR.RF waves have long wavelength so less
energy.
. Range of RF is from 30 KHZ TO 30 MHZ.
. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell received Nobel Prize for NMR discovery.
. NMR mechanism includes change in spin orientation on exposure to magnetic
field.
. Spin quantum number(I) describes angular momentum.
. Total spin quantum number depends on the number of nucleons and symmetry of
charge distribution.
. Precessional frequency-No. of spin carried out by the nucleus in the presence of
magnetic field per second.
Thus when magnetic field applied the nucleus spins with precessional frequency.
Before application of magnetic field it was moving with random frequency.
. When no magnetic field, only one energy level. but in presence of magnetic field
2 energy levels with aligned and opposite orientations of the nuclear spins.
. Precessional frequency is directly proportional to field strength(ƒË)
ƒË . Bo
. Remember-
When mag.field=1.4 tesla,ƒË=60MHZ.
When mag.field=2.3 tesla,ƒË=100MHZ.
When mag.field=7.0tesla,ƒË=300MHZ.
When mag.field=14.1Tesla,ƒË=600MHZ.
1 Tesla=104 Gauss.so 1.4 Tesla=14000 Gauss.
Imp-Tesla is measure of magnetic flux density not field strength.
. Resonance occurs when,
Applied frequency from RF oscillator=precissional frequency of spinning nucleus.
. VARIOUS NUCLEUS
. When mass no. is odd,atomic no.odd/even spin quantum number(SQN) is in
fraction e:g 1H=1/2,11B=3/2.,13C=19F=31P=1/
2.
. When mass no. is even,atomic no.odd spin quantum number(SQN) is in integer;
E;g 10B=3,14N=1.2D=1.
rem = they exhibit quadrapole moment.
. When mass no. is even,atomic no.even spin quantum number(SQN) is 0.
E:g 12C=0,16O=0.
IMPORTANT POINTS (continued)c
. No of possible orientations= 2I+1,so 1H will have 2 and 2D & 14N will have 3 orientations.
. Imp.formula
ƒÖ = GHo
ƒÖ=larmor frequency.
But ƒÖ=2ƒÎƒË,so ultimate equation,
ƒË = GBo/2ƒÎ
G = ƒÊ/I
E=gyro magnetic ratio
ƒÊ=nuclear magnetic moment
I=nuclear angular momentum.
. Remember = gyro magnetic ratio of 1H=268,while of 13C NMR is 67.so 13 C NMR is 4
times less sensitive than 1H NMR. so if the resonance frequency of particular nucleus
in1HNMR is 300 MHZ, in 13CNMR it is 300/4 = 75MHZ.
Gyro magnetic ratio of 2H is 1/3 of 1H.
. There are some more nuclei in lower energy state which are responsible
for absorption of RF. so NMR phenomenon occurs. This distribution is
according to Boltzmannfs law.
frequency Excess nuclei frequency Excess nuclei
20 3 100 16
40 6 200 32
60 9 300 48
80 12 600 96
Relaxation process of nucleus
. Spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation-gives energy to lattice so system
gets heated.
. Spin-spin or transverse relaxation-give energy to nearby nuclei so no net
change in energy of system.
REMEMBER:spin-lattice relaxation time (T1)determines the rate at which
absorption of RF can occur.
Rememeber : relaxation process follow first order process and T1 is the
reciprocal of first order rate constant.
T2 is spin-spin relaxation time.
Remember-
if T1 and T2 small,broad absorption lines,if they r large sharp
abs. lines.
FOR non-viscous solids T1 is large so sharp lines in NMR spectrum.
FOR 14N nucleus T1 is small due to quadrapole so broad signals in 14N NMR.
REMEMBER
. Solids are difficult to analyze by NMR so MAGIC ANGLE is used for solid
samples which is 54.6 degree. Thus solid samples are oriented at this angle
and observed.thus solids can be analyzed.
INSTRUMENTATION
. Magnet
. RF oscillator
. Sweep generator
. RF receiver
. Recorder
Internal standards
. TMS(tetramethyl silane)(0.01-1%) . universally accepted,used only in organic
solvents.TMS is used in 1H and 13C NMR.
. Sodium salt of 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propane sulfonic acid and DDS is used in
aqueous solvents.
. CFCl3 for 19F NMR.
. H3PO4 for 31P NMR.
. NH3(absolute standard) and nitromathane(mostly used) for 14N NMR.
. Water for 17O NMR.
CHEMICAL SHIFT
. Expressed in ppm (delta or tau) units.
E=10-ƒÂ
High delta value=downfield
Low delta value=upfield
For tau it is reverse.
Rem - ƒÂ is dimensionless number and it is field independent.
. Chemical shift values depend on shielding and deshielding.
TMS has 12 protons to shielding of nucleus by protons so less ƒÂ i:e=0.
If electronegative element, like Cl than removal of electrons near nucleus
so deshielding so large ƒÂ.
. Chemical shift values range from 1-20.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
. Hybridization effect
. Electronegativity- Protons which are attatched to the most electronegative
atoms are considered to be highly deshielded. It results in increase in chemical
shift value.
. Van der walls deshielding-observed in rigid molecules.effect less than 1 ppm.
. Anisotropic effect-called space effect also.anisotopic means effects are not
same in all directions (in some direction effect is paramagnetic,in some directions
it is diamagnetic).(TABLETS are anisotropic in nature).
Due to this effect ƒÂ value of proton is higher in ethane,lower than expected in
ethyne,higher in aldehyde and acids.(for more refer pavia).
. Hydrogen bonding-increases ƒÂ.
Solvents for NMR
. CDCl3 mostly used.
. Should not contain hydrogen (aprotic solvents)
. For polar solutes-D2O,DMSO-d6,CCl2,CS2 ,CF3.
. Compound solubility should be atleast 10%.
TWO METHODS OF RECORDING NMR
1. CONTINUOUS WAVE METHOD
. RF remains constant and mag. Field is varied. This is called
sweeping.
2. Fourier transform methods.
. In this, the sample is irradiated with strong pulse of
radiofrequency energy containing all frequency of 1H range.
. It gives spectrum in frequency domain.
. Pulse duration is 10 microsecond and then pulse is switched off
so nuclei get relaxed.
. Process of transfer of magnetization from RF to nuclei is called
free induction decay.
. Higher sensitivity, can work in low concentrations.
. Used for sparingly soluble substances.
GOLAY COILS/SHIMMING COILS
. These are used to increase the accuracy of the instrument.
. They are electromagnetic coils which induce small electromagnetic
fields in order to improve the inhomogenity of the field.(sample can
also be spun to remove inhomogenity)
IMP-ringing phenomenon is produced in CW mode and not in FTNMR mode.
REMEMBER
. Sensitivity is ratio of signal to noise. For 1HNMR,quartet of ethyl
benzene spectrum is used for calculating S/N ratio and for
13CNMR,largest aromatic peak in ethyl benzene spectrum is used as
standard.
A VERY VERY IMPORTANT POINT
. Superconducting magnets are used for higher fields. A metal
becomes a super conductor when it is cooled in liquid helium at
4K(Kelvin).
. Niobium and Titanium alloy is used as superconductor.
. For higher fields like 10 T, Nb3Sn can be used.
Chemical shift table (only imp)(for more refer pavia-but these are
enough)
structure Chem..shift structure Chemical shift
alkane 0.5-1.5 Aliphatic ketone 2-2.7
alkene 1.5-3.0 OCH3(methoxy) 3.82
alkyne 1.7-2.7 Benzylic proton 2.3-2.7
Benzene and
aromatics
6-9 Aliphatic ester 3.5-5
aldehyde 8-10 Phenolic proton 4-7
acid 11-12 amide 5-9
Imp-CDCl3 solvent gives peak at 7-7.5, which is a solvent peak.
IMPORTANT POINTS
. If protons are magnetically and chemically equivalent as in CH3, only
one signal for that proton.
. Two protons are chemically equivalent if they are in same chemical
environment and have same chemical shift value.
. Two protons are magnetically equivalent if each couples equally to
neighboring proton.
. Chemical eq. means chemical shift equivalency.
. Magnetic eq. means coupling equivalency.
. Accidental equivalence- It is observed in 2,5-dichloro nitrobenzene.
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
. The signal splits according to the n+1 rule. This is due to coupling
interaction between neighboring protons.
. E;g CH3CH2OH
Singlet for OH (bcoz proton is not directly attached with carbon).
Quartet for CH2 (bcoz in neighbor 3 protons so n+1=3+1=4).
Triplet for CH3 (bcoz in neighbor 2 protons so n+1=2+1=3).
. It is also field independent.
COUPLING COSTANT(J)
. Measure of interaction between nuclei.
. It is separation between the peaks in the multiplets.
. It is independent of magnetic field.
. Unit is HZ
. Cis form in alkenes J value is 4-12.
. Trans form in alkenes J value is 12-18.
TYPES OF COUPING
. Germinal-10-18 Hz,strong and on same carbon.
. Vicinal-0-12 Hz in rigid systems,and 8 Hz in freely rotating carbons.it is
between neighbouring protons.
. Long range-in alkanes,small coupling.
. Aromatic: ortho-7-10Hz,meta- 2-3 Hz,para 0-1 Hz.
. Allylic-in allyl chloride,four bond coupling and it is small(0-2 Hz)
RESTRICTED ROTATION
. Observed in N,N dimethyl formamide.
. Two signals for methyl proton instead of one at room temp.
. This is due to restricted rotation due to resonance.
. At 130 deg. C it gives one signal.
REMEMBER
. Karpluss equation is related with vicinal coupling which explains
variation in vicinal coupling constant with dihedral angle(G)
. Largest vicinal C.C when protons are in trans position (G=180 deg.)
. Smallest vicinal C.C when (G=90 dg.).
. For cis form (G=0 dg.) and C.C is large.
O Dueteriation technique is used to detect the presence of OH groups.
O Virtual coupling is observed in long alkyl chains as a result spectra gets
distorted.
THERE ARE 3 WAYS TO SIMPLIFY COMPLEX NMR SPECTRA.
O By increasing field strength
O By double irradiation . one proton is irradiated with high energy so speedy
transitions so no coupling with neighboring proton so no complex spectra.
For this technique chemical shift positions for the coupling multiplets
should be no closer than 1 ppm.
O By using shift reagents . praseodymium (gives low shifts), europium,
ytterbium, holmium, erbium are used (all give higher shifts).
O Lanthanide elements are used.
O All shift reagents are mild lewis acids.
O Shift reagents are paramagnetic.
O They are used in non-polar solvents.
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT
O Space effect
O One proton irradiated and other neighbouring proton in space gives
enhanced signal. Effect is upto shorter distance (3.5 angstrom).It
tells about whether two protons are near to each other are not.
O Range for this effect is 2-4 angstrom.
O Isovanillin shows this effect. Many other compounds can also show
this effect.
13C NMR
˜ Gyromagnetic ratio of 13C NMR is 4 times less than that of proton NMR so 4
times less sensitive.
˜ Spin quantum no. is . for 13C.
˜ Relative abundance of 13C is 1.1 %.
˜ Generally spectra is recorded by pulsed FTNMR mode.
˜ Chemical shift values range from 1-200.
˜ Heteronuclear coupling occurs because SQN for H and 13C is same (i:e .)
so decoupler is to be used in order to prevent coupling between 13C and 1H.
˜ To increase the line intensity in spectrum paramagnetic species like
chromium acetylacetonate and shift reagents are added.
OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS
DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) SPECTRA
O It increases sensitivity by a factor of for 13C.
In DEPT technique,sample is irradiated with a complex sequence of
pulses in both 13C and 1H channels.The result of these pulse sequences
is that 13C signal in the carbon atom will exhibit different phases
depending on number of hydrogen atoms attached to it. Each type of
carbon behaves slight differently, depending on duration of complex
pulses.
COSY (Correlation Spectroscopy)
O It is a 2D-NMR.
O It can be homonuclear or heteronuclear.
O This techniques enables correlation to be made between protons which
are coupled to each other
HMQC (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence) and HMBC (Heteronuclear
Multiple Bond Coherence)
2D inverse correlation techniques that allow for the determination of
connectivity between two different nuclear species.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
O Diagnostic technique which uses NMR principle.
O MAXIMUM OF 1.5 TESLA MAGNETIC FIELD CAN BE USED.
O CARDIAC PATIENTS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR MRI.
CIDNP (Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization)
O A technique which induces polarization by chemical reaction.
GPAT AND NIPER ASKED QUESTIONS FROM
THE CHAPTER
(Answers find yourself)
1. Chemical shift is expressed in?
2. Magic angle in NMR is?
3. MRI uses which technique?
4. Difference between 13C NMR and 1H NMR in terms of sensitivity (GPAT-2010)-4
options were given and u have to find wrong answer.
5. Splitting related question i:e a compound was given and we have to find out the
no of splits for that.
6. Standard in NMR?
7. Hydrogen bond can be detected by?(IR can also detect, bur most widely used is
Raman so if RAMAN is given you tick that)
8. Methyl chloride cause ( shielding or deshielding)?
9. No. of peaks in 1,3 dichloropropane?
10. RF range?
11. 1 Tesla is equal to how many gauss?
12. Radio frequency oscillator is used in?
13. Unit of coupling constant?
14. NMR can give information about?
15. Shimming coils are used in which technique?
16. Solvent for NMR? Choose appropriate from options.
17. No of peaks in 1,4 dioxane?
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Nuclear Overhauser Effect is upto how much angstrom?
2. COSY is?
3. If applied frequency for 1H NMR is 600 MHZ, then what will be the applied
frequency in 13C NMR?
4. Relative abundance of 13C?
5. Which moeity will give inverse peak in DEPT?
6. Full form of DEPT?
7. Karpluss equation is related with?
8. Unit of delta?(donft say ppm, it is dimensionless)
9. Cis form and trans form J value?
10. CDCl3 will give peak at?
11. Which spectroscopy will result in quadrapole?
12. In 60 MHZ instrument, no. of excess nuclei will be?
13. Aldehyde chemical shift?
14. Which effect is responsible of low delta value in alkyne although it is more
electronegative than alkene and alkane?
15. Gyro magnetic ratio is the ratio of?
NIPER NOTES : NEW FDA approved drugs 2012-
NEW FDA approved drugs 2012-
Dermatology/Plastic SurgeryErivedge (vismodegib); Genentech; For the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Picato (ingenol mebutate) gel; LEO Pharma; For the treatment of actinic keratosis, Approved January 2012
Sklice (ivermectin) lotion; Sanofi Pasteur; For the treatment of head lice, Approved February 2012
EndocrinologyBio-T-Gel (testosterone gel); Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of hypogonadism, Approved February 2012
Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Jentadueto (linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride); Eli Lilly; For the treatment of type II diabetes, Approved February 2012
Korlym (mifepristone); Corcept Therapeutics; For the control of hyperglycemia in adults with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, Approved February 2012
Ultresa (pancrelipase) delayed-release capsules; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis or other conditions, Approved March 2012
Viokace (pancrelipase) tablets; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatectomy, Approved March 2012
GastroenterologyElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Ultresa (pancrelipase) delayed-release capsules; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis or other conditions, Approved March 2012
Viokace (pancrelipase) tablets; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatectomy, Approved March 2012
HematologyElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Omontys (peginesatide); Affymax; For the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, Approved March 2012
Immunology/Infectious DiseasesQnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
MusculoskeletalElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Neupro (Rotigotine Transdermal System); UCB; For the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Approved April 2012
Stendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Votrient (pazopanib); GlaxoSmithKline; For the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, Approved April 2012
Nephrology/UrologyAfinitor (everolimus); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; For the treatment of renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, Approved April 2012
Inlyta (axitinib); Pfizer; For the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Omontys (peginesatide); Affymax; For the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, Approved March 2012
Stendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Voraxaze (glucarpidase); BTG International; For the treatment of toxic plasma methotrexate concentrations in patients with impaired renal function, Approved January 2012
NeurologyNeupro (Rotigotine Transdermal System); UCB; For the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Approved April 2012
Subsys (fentanyl sublingual spray); Insys Therapeutics; For the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain, Approved January of 2012
Obstetrics/GynecologyNatazia (estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest); Bayer HealthCare; For the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, Approved March 2012
OncologyAfinitor (everolimus); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; For the treatment of renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, Approved April 2012
Erivedge (vismodegib); Genentech; For the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Inlyta (axitinib); Pfizer; For the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Picato (ingenol mebutate) gel; LEO Pharma; For the treatment of actinic keratosis, Approved January 2012
Subsys (fentanyl sublingual spray); Insys Therapeutics; For the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain, Approved January of 2012
Votrient (pazopanib); GlaxoSmithKline; For the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, Approved April 2012
OphthalmologyZioptan (tafluprost ophthalmic solution); Merck; For the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure, Approved February 2012
OtolaryngologyDymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate); Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; For the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Approved May 2012
Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Pediatrics/NeonatologyQnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Sklice (ivermectin) lotion; Sanofi Pasteur; For the treatment of head lice, Approved February 2012
Surfaxin (lucinactant); Discovery Laboratories; For the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, Approved March 2012
Pharmacology/ToxicologyVoraxaze (glucarpidase); BTG International; For the treatment of toxic plasma methotrexate concentrations in patients with impaired renal function, Approved January 2012
Pulmonary/Respiratory DiseasesDymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate); Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; For the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Approved May 2012
Kalydeco (ivacaftor); Vertex Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of cystic fibrosis with the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene, Approved January of 2012
Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Surfaxin (lucinactant); Discovery Laboratories; For the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, Approved March 2012
RheumatologyStendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Dermatology/Plastic SurgeryErivedge (vismodegib); Genentech; For the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Picato (ingenol mebutate) gel; LEO Pharma; For the treatment of actinic keratosis, Approved January 2012
Sklice (ivermectin) lotion; Sanofi Pasteur; For the treatment of head lice, Approved February 2012
EndocrinologyBio-T-Gel (testosterone gel); Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of hypogonadism, Approved February 2012
Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Jentadueto (linagliptin plus metformin hydrochloride); Eli Lilly; For the treatment of type II diabetes, Approved February 2012
Korlym (mifepristone); Corcept Therapeutics; For the control of hyperglycemia in adults with endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, Approved February 2012
Ultresa (pancrelipase) delayed-release capsules; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis or other conditions, Approved March 2012
Viokace (pancrelipase) tablets; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatectomy, Approved March 2012
GastroenterologyElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Ultresa (pancrelipase) delayed-release capsules; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis or other conditions, Approved March 2012
Viokace (pancrelipase) tablets; Aptalis Pharma; For the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatectomy, Approved March 2012
HematologyElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Omontys (peginesatide); Affymax; For the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, Approved March 2012
Immunology/Infectious DiseasesQnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
MusculoskeletalElelyso (taliglucerase alfa); Pfizer Inc; For the treatment of Gaucher disease, Approved May 2012
Neupro (Rotigotine Transdermal System); UCB; For the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Approved April 2012
Stendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Votrient (pazopanib); GlaxoSmithKline; For the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, Approved April 2012
Nephrology/UrologyAfinitor (everolimus); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; For the treatment of renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, Approved April 2012
Inlyta (axitinib); Pfizer; For the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Omontys (peginesatide); Affymax; For the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease, Approved March 2012
Stendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Voraxaze (glucarpidase); BTG International; For the treatment of toxic plasma methotrexate concentrations in patients with impaired renal function, Approved January 2012
NeurologyNeupro (Rotigotine Transdermal System); UCB; For the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome, Approved April 2012
Subsys (fentanyl sublingual spray); Insys Therapeutics; For the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain, Approved January of 2012
Obstetrics/GynecologyNatazia (estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest); Bayer HealthCare; For the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, Approved March 2012
OncologyAfinitor (everolimus); Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; For the treatment of renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex, Approved April 2012
Erivedge (vismodegib); Genentech; For the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Inlyta (axitinib); Pfizer; For the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, Approved January 2012
Picato (ingenol mebutate) gel; LEO Pharma; For the treatment of actinic keratosis, Approved January 2012
Subsys (fentanyl sublingual spray); Insys Therapeutics; For the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain, Approved January of 2012
Votrient (pazopanib); GlaxoSmithKline; For the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma, Approved April 2012
OphthalmologyZioptan (tafluprost ophthalmic solution); Merck; For the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure, Approved February 2012
OtolaryngologyDymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate); Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; For the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Approved May 2012
Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Pediatrics/NeonatologyQnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Sklice (ivermectin) lotion; Sanofi Pasteur; For the treatment of head lice, Approved February 2012
Surfaxin (lucinactant); Discovery Laboratories; For the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, Approved March 2012
Pharmacology/ToxicologyVoraxaze (glucarpidase); BTG International; For the treatment of toxic plasma methotrexate concentrations in patients with impaired renal function, Approved January 2012
Pulmonary/Respiratory DiseasesDymista (azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate); Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.; For the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Approved May 2012
Kalydeco (ivacaftor); Vertex Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of cystic fibrosis with the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene, Approved January of 2012
Qnasl (beclomethasone dipropionate) nasal aerosol; Teva Pharmaceuticals; For the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, Approved March 2012
Surfaxin (lucinactant); Discovery Laboratories; For the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants, Approved March 2012
RheumatologyStendra (avanafil); Vivus; For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, Approved April 2012
Sunday, May 20, 2012
Download Pharmacy BOOKS
Pharmacopoeias
1. Indian Pharmacopoeia - 2007 (All three volumes)2. British Pharmacopoeia - 2009
3. U. S. Pharmacopoeia (USP30 - NF25)
4. The complete drug reference - Martindale
5. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia
6. The International Pharmacopoeia
3. U. S. Pharmacopoeia (USP30 - NF25)
4. The complete drug reference - Martindale
5. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia
6. The International Pharmacopoeia
Pharmaceutics
1. The Science and Practice of Pharmacy - Remington
2. Drugs Delivery Systems - Kewal K. Jain
3. Pharmaceutics : The Science of Dosage Form Design by Aulton4. Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker Rhodes5. COSMETICS LEGISLATION, METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6. Cosmetics Additives - An Industrial Guide
7. Handbook of Cosmetic Science & Technology
8. Chemical characterization of particles for preformulation
9. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology
10. Handbook of Manufacturing pharmaceutical Formulations
11. DRUGS DELIVERY - NANOPARTICLES FORMULATION & CHARACTERIZATION
12. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
13. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablet Vol-1st
14. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablets Vol-3rd
15. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Tablets
16. Transporters as Targets for Drugs
17. Pharmaceutical Suspensions
2. Drugs Delivery Systems - Kewal K. Jain
3. Pharmaceutics : The Science of Dosage Form Design by Aulton4. Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker Rhodes5. COSMETICS LEGISLATION, METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6. Cosmetics Additives - An Industrial Guide
7. Handbook of Cosmetic Science & Technology
8. Chemical characterization of particles for preformulation
9. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology
10. Handbook of Manufacturing pharmaceutical Formulations
11. DRUGS DELIVERY - NANOPARTICLES FORMULATION & CHARACTERIZATION
12. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems
13. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablet Vol-1st
14. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablets Vol-3rd
15. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms - Tablets
16. Transporters as Targets for Drugs
17. Pharmaceutical Suspensions
Pharmacology
1. Pharmacology by Rang and Dale2. Essential of Medical Pharmacology - K.D. Tripathi
3. GOODMAN & GILMAN'S THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS
4. DRUGS DISCOVERY & EVALUATION BY VOGEL
5. PHARMACOLOGY PRINCIPLE BY MILES, KENNETH & WILLIAM
6. LIPPINCOTT - MODERN PHARMACOLOGY WITH CLINICAL APPLICATION
7. SCOPE OF PHARMACY & CLINICAL RESEARCH
8. PHARMACOLOGY KAPLAN MEDICAL
9. OXFORD HAND BOOK OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
10. CLINICIAN's POCKET DRUG REFERENCE
11. BERTRAM G.KATZUNG BASIC & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12. PHARMACOLOGY PRETEST BOOK
13. DRUG-DRUGS INTERACTION PRIMER
14. PHARMACOLOGY OF NEUROTRNASMITTER RELEASE
3. GOODMAN & GILMAN'S THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS
4. DRUGS DISCOVERY & EVALUATION BY VOGEL
5. PHARMACOLOGY PRINCIPLE BY MILES, KENNETH & WILLIAM
6. LIPPINCOTT - MODERN PHARMACOLOGY WITH CLINICAL APPLICATION
7. SCOPE OF PHARMACY & CLINICAL RESEARCH
8. PHARMACOLOGY KAPLAN MEDICAL
9. OXFORD HAND BOOK OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
10. CLINICIAN's POCKET DRUG REFERENCE
11. BERTRAM G.KATZUNG BASIC & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12. PHARMACOLOGY PRETEST BOOK
13. DRUG-DRUGS INTERACTION PRIMER
14. PHARMACOLOGY OF NEUROTRNASMITTER RELEASE
Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry
1. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry : Wilson & Gisvold
2. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry : Foye
2. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry : Foye
Pharmaceutical Analysis
1. Introduction to Spectroscopy : Pavia2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry : Skoog
3. Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis
4. VOGEL'S Textbook of Quantitative chemical analysis
5. SILVERSTEIN Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compound
6. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS BY DAVID G. WATSON
7. NMR
3. Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis
4. VOGEL'S Textbook of Quantitative chemical analysis
5. SILVERSTEIN Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compound
6. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS BY DAVID G. WATSON
7. NMR
Anatomy and Physiology
Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence
1. Patent Act2. Pharmacy Act
3. Drug and Cosmetic act
4. Pharmacy Practice by Tylor
NIPER Questions
Which fatty is biosynthesized by human body(N-10)
a)Stearic acid
b)Oleic acid
c)Linoleic acid
d)Linolenic acid
RBI nationalized in(N-09)
a)1951
b)1950
c)1949
d)1935
When HBr is added to styrene according to antimarkonikove rule,what product?(N-2010)
a)C6H5CHBrCH3
b)C6H5CH2CH2Br
c)C6H5CH2CH3
d) None of these
In which State AYUSH (AYURVEDIC, YOGA, UNANI, HOMOPATHY,) is established?(N-10)
a) Himachal Pradesh
b) Utterakhand
c) Kerla
d) M.P
Bacteria are present everywhere except (NIPER JEE-2008)
a) Soil
b) Hot water spring
c) Ice
d) Distilled water
Which of the following alpha glucosidase inhibitor is polysaccharide?(N)
(a)miglitol (b)viglibiose (c)acarbose (d) glucogol.
Which receptor has heptahelical structure? (N)
metabotropic (b)tyrosine kinase (c)ionotropic (d)nuclear
Which of the following is inverse agonist? (N)
beta carboline (b)cannabinoids (c)none of the above (d)all of the above
Which of the following cephalosporin has disulfiram like effect? (N)
(a) cefixime (b) cefaperazone (c) cefuroxime (d)cefamandole
NIPER Study material
PharmaGuru
IMPORTANT SOFTWARES
1) Chem. office / Chem. Draw Ultra (Version No. 10)
It is used to draw the structures of drug molecules in 2D and then to convert them in 3D, to find the IU PAC name of the unknown compound, to find the structure of the drug from its IUPAC name, to give NMR spectrum (approx.) of unknown drug.
2) Pymol, Rasmol, Jmol, Molmol, VMD
All these software are used to visualize the protein / peptide 3D structure.
3) 2D QSAR, 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA
For finding the structure activity relationship
4) BLAST, FASTA, PROSPECTUS, COPIA
For sequence alignment of proteins, and nucleic acids.
5) Genscan, Glimmer
Gene finding and sequence analysis.
6) CLUSTAL W, CLUSTAL X
For sequence alignment of proteins..
7) AMBER, CHARMM, Chem2 pac, GROMOS, GROMACS, MOE, SCHRODINGER
3 D structure visualization, molecular dynamics, energy minimization
8) MM2, MOPAC, AM1, PM3
Molecular dynamics
9) Gaussian
For quantum chemistry calculations
10) Sigmastat
Used for statistical calculations.
IMPORTANT SOFTWARES
1) Chem. office / Chem. Draw Ultra (Version No. 10)
It is used to draw the structures of drug molecules in 2D and then to convert them in 3D, to find the IU PAC name of the unknown compound, to find the structure of the drug from its IUPAC name, to give NMR spectrum (approx.) of unknown drug.
2) Pymol, Rasmol, Jmol, Molmol, VMD
All these software are used to visualize the protein / peptide 3D structure.
3) 2D QSAR, 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA
For finding the structure activity relationship
4) BLAST, FASTA, PROSPECTUS, COPIA
For sequence alignment of proteins, and nucleic acids.
5) Genscan, Glimmer
Gene finding and sequence analysis.
6) CLUSTAL W, CLUSTAL X
For sequence alignment of proteins..
7) AMBER, CHARMM, Chem2 pac, GROMOS, GROMACS, MOE, SCHRODINGER
3 D structure visualization, molecular dynamics, energy minimization
8) MM2, MOPAC, AM1, PM3
Molecular dynamics
9) Gaussian
For quantum chemistry calculations
10) Sigmastat
Used for statistical calculations.
Saturday, May 19, 2012
IMPORTANT FOR NIPER
PharmaGuru
Very frequently asked question:
*Polarity of solvents for chromatography
* Rf values for better separation.
* Absorbent in reverse phase chromatography
* Partition coefficient between liquid-liquid phase
* Naming of peptides (i.e. pentapeptide, hexapeptide)
* Hetero and homo diens
* Setro of biphenyl,cyclohexane(
* Haemllet equation and saturation kinetics
* IR frequency of carbonyl compounds
* Solvents for IR and NMR
* Mechanism of action of barbiturates, pyrimethamine, co trimoxazole
* Technique for separation of isomers and racemic mixture.
* Applications of spectroscopic technique
* Gas laws (boyle charles etc)
* Polymers in pharmaceutics.
* Calculation for J value (NMR)
* Isomers of important phytopharmaceuticals and its use.
* Alpha carotene contains how many rings
* Squalene contains how many isoprene units
* Use of each 5 HT receptors
* Measurement of flow properties and its importance
* Role of excipients and stage of addition of each
* Solvents for oral use, iv use and reconstitution
* All IP standards for tablets and capsules
* Accelerated stability testing
* Applications of various mixers and dryers
* Identification of peaks in mass spectroscopy
* Surfactants its classification and HLB values for different surfactants
* Anti malarial drugs their structure, iupac, mechanism of action
* Enzymes as biomarkers in various disease state
* Protein binding of important drugs
* Vitamins: name, deficiency ,
* From last 2 years there are few questions of general knowledge and logical
mathematical are being asked along with few English verbal.
Friday, May 18, 2012
NIPER/GPAT MOCK TEST
PharmaGuru
MOCK TEST
1) The following gibberalin derivative is known as gibberalic acid…………
a) GA1 b) GA2 c) GA3 d) GA4
2) The following is the precursor for the synthesis of Dhurrin in sikkimic acid pathway…………..
a) Phenylalanine b) Tyrosine c) Linamarin d) Lotuustralin
3) Multicellular branched covering peltate trichomes are characteristic for…………..
a) Hammelis b) Humulus c) Verbascum Thapsus d) All of the above
4) Ranunculaceous stomata is the characteristic for ……..
a) Buchu b) Digitalis c) Lobelia d) All of the above
5) Moisture content limit for digitalis should not be more than……
a) 10 b) 05 c) 08 d) 15
6) The fluorescence exhibited by rhubarb under UV light is…………….
a) Purple blue b) Whitish blue c) Viloet d) Mauve
7) For the measurement of hypoglycemic activity, the following herbal extract is used…………..
a) karela b) Jambul c) Fenugreek d) All of the above
8) The total aerobic microbial load per gram of material ready for internal use is………….
a) 105 b) 102 c) 10 d) 103
9) Outgrowth arista( awn) is found in following drug……
a) Cardamom b) castor c) Nutmeg d) Stropanthus
10) The cathartic principle in momordica charantia is…….
a) Charantin b) Momordicin c) saponin d) Glucoside
11) From the following which one is immunomodulator drug,,,,,,,,,,,,,
a) Brahmi b) Jatamansi c) Ginseng d) All of the above
12) Rhytidoma is the characteristic for……..
a) Gokhru b) Rattle snake root c) Quillaia d)Brahmi
13) The bitter taste of gentiana lutea is due to…….
a) Gentisin b) Gentianine c) Amarogentin d) gentiopicrin
14) The following is the example of non-drying oil………..
a) Oilve oil b) Peanut oil c) Almond oil d) All of the above
15) Badouin's test is given by…………….
a) Sesame oil b)Oilve oil c) Peanut oil d) Almond oil
16) Carr price reaction is positive in case of……………
a) Vit.A b) Vit.B c) Vit.D d) Vit.B7
17) The following variety of cardamom does not show rugae among all the varieties…………..
a) Allepy cardamom b) Mysore cardamom c) Korarima cardamom d) Malabar cardamom
18) The following microscopical characters are true for fennel except…
a) Anomocytic stomata
b) Lignified and reticulate parenchyma
c) Rossete crystals of ca-oxalate
d) Trichomes and starch grains are absent
19) The outgrowth of nutmeg contains amylodextrin which gives following colour with iodine…………
a) red colour b) Blue colour c) Pink colour d) white colour
20) The following microscopical characters are false in case of Clove except one….and it is….
a) Clove contains diacytic stomata
b) Clove contains starch
c) Scizogenous oil glands
d) It contains anomocytic stomata
21) Ca-oxalate crystals and starch grains are absent in…..
p) Fennel q) Stropanthus r) Nux-vomica s) Physostigma
a) p,q b) p,r c) q,s d) r,s
22) The following variety is the commercial source of reserpine…………..
a) R.tetraphylla b) R.Vomitoria c) R.serpentina d) R.densiflora
23) Vitali-morin reaction is positive in case of………
a) Tropane alkaloids b) Quinoline c) Isoquinoline d) Purine alkaloids
24) Sunken trichomes and sunken stomata are present respectively in following drug……
p) Ephedra q) Colchicum r) Lobelia s) Gloriosa
a) p,r b) r,p c) q,r d) p,q
25) The IUPAC name for Prazepam is……
a) 7-chloro-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
b) 8-chloro-1-( Cyclobutylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
c) 7-chloro-1-( Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
d) 8-chloro-1-( Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
26) Buspirone contain following ring system……….
a) Spiran b) Piperazine c) Pyrimidine d) All of the above
27) 4-[3-[2-( trisfluoromethyl) phenazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol tends for……………..
a) Perphenazine b) Fluphenazine c) Acetophenazine d) Trifluoperazine
28) 6-[ 2,3-dichloro phenyl)]-3,5-diamino triazine tends for following category of drug……………..
a) Anti-depressant b) Anti-psychotic c) Anxiolytic drug d) Anti-epileptic drug
29) The following is CNS stimulant drug…..
a) Mazindol b) Phendimetrazine c) Pemoline d) All of the above
30) The tricyclic anti-depressant drug trazodone contain following ring system…………
a) Piperazine b) Triazole c) Pyridine d) All of the above
31) The following is true for dobutamine except….
a) B1- receptor agonist
b) it is used in cardiogenic shock
c) (-) enantiomer is potent α1 agonist
d) (-) enantiomer is potent α2 agonist
32) The following drugs are used in benign prostatic hypertrophy ( BPH) …………….
p) Tamsulosin q) Clonidine r) Mifepristone s) Finasteride
a) p,r b) p,q c) p,s d) q,r
33) The mechanism of corynanthine is……………
a) Selective α2 receptor antagonist
b) Selective α1 receptor antagonist
c) non-selective α receptor antagonist
d) Selective β1-receptor agonist
34) Occulomucocutaneous syndrome is the side effect of following drug……
a) Metoprolol b) Practolol c) Albuterol d) Atenolol
35) The following drug is safe in hypertension in pragnency ……………
p) Methyl dopa q) Labeatalol r) Carvediol s) Ritodrine
a) p,s b) q,s c) p,q d) q,r
36) The following is the quinazoline ring containing drug………………..
a) Prazosin b) Methaqualone c) Metolazone d) All of the above
37) The IUPAC name for amiloride is…………….
a) 3,4-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide
b) 3,4-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropiperazine carboxamide
c) 3,5-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide
d) 3,5-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyridine carboxamide
38) 1-methyl-2-( 2,6-xylyloxy)-ethylamine is the IUPAC name for……………….
a) Lidocaine b) Mexiletine c) Encainide d) Flecainide
39) The following drug is only acting as arterial vasodilator………….
a) Hydralazine b) Na-nitroprusside c) Diazoxide d) Minoxidil
40) Among all the sulfonyl ureas, the following drug is having longer duration of action…..
a) Tolbutamide b) Chlorpropamide c) Acetohexamide d) Tolazamide
41) To filter the slurries containing the solids not more than 5 %, the following filter is used………..
a) Filterpress b) Filterleaf c) Meta fliter d) Membrane filter
42) If carr's index is 23-35 then flow is ……………
a) Excellent b) Fair to passable c) Poor d) Extremely poor
43) If the PKa of Phenobarbitone is 7.4.what fraction of drug would be ionized at pH 8.4?..............
a) 0.01 b) 0.50 c) 0.90 d) 1.00
44) The following is the example of cationic surfactant……………………
a) Benzalkonium chloride b) Polysorbate 80 c) SLS d) Sorbitan monooleate
45) The type of particle diameter that is obtained by microscopic method of evaluation is………………..
a) Projected b) Stokes' c) Volume d) Volume-surface
46) HEPA filters are widely used in ………………..
a) Autoclaves b) Laminar air flow hoods c) Gas sterilizers d) Oxygen masks
47) Inversion sucrose in syrup due to heat is known as…………….
a) Isomerization b) Epimerization c) Tautomeriation d) caramelization
48) carnauba wax is used in the following step of sugar coating of tablet:
a) Seal coating b) Polishing c) Sub-coating d) Syrup coating
49) One of the following diluent may discolour in the presence of amine containing drugs:
a) Avicel b) DCP c) Lactose d) Talc
50) Cam tracks are used in tablet formulation for………………
a) Feeding the granules b) Fixing the shape
c) Compressing the granules d) Guiding the movement of punches
51) Non-ionic surfactant vesicles relates to……….
a) Liposomes b) Niosomes c) Nanoparticles d) a and b both
52) Water insoluble coating materials used for microencapsulation include……………
a) Ethyl cellulose b) Polyethylene c) Polyamide d) All of the above
53) Schedule U1 tends for……………………….
a) Manufacturing and analytical records of drugs
b) Manufacturing and analytical records of cosmetics
c) Standards for patent or proprietary medicines
d) List of drugs marketed under generic name only
54) The test which is useful for the identification of M. tuberculosis…………….
a) Haemolysis b) Fermentation with sugar c) Gram-staining d) Zeihl-nelson staining
55) The following type of antigen associated with capsules…………..
a) H-antigens b) 0-antigens c) V-antigens d) K-antigens
56) Colchicine when treated with 70 % H2SO4 or HCL gives following colour…………………
a) Red colour b) Blue colour c) Green colour d) yellow colour
57) Quinine gives following positive test……………
a) Herpathite test b) Thaleoquin test c) Rosequin test d) All of the above
58) Schilber reagent is used for the detection of……………..
a) Glycosides b) Volatile oils c) Alkaloids d) Tannins
59) Noller test is used for the detection of………………..
a) ) Glycosides b) Volatile oils c) Alkaloids d) Tannins
60) Vit.requirement for microorganism Sytreptococcus pyogenes is……
a) Tryptophan b) Glutathione c) Riboflavin d) Vit.B12
61) The test organism used for validation of filtration sterilization is……..
a) Serratia marscenes b) Pseudomonas dimunata c) Vibrio percolans d) All of the above
62) The biological source for Cycloserine is…………
a) S.Orchidaceus b) S.garyphyllus c) S.lavandulus d) All of the above
63) Which of the following drug used in digitalis induced arrhythmias?.............
a) Verapamil b) Phenytoin c) Flecainide d) Procainamide
64) Aspartame is chemically…………….
a) Methyl ester of aspartic acid and phenylalanine
b) Methyl ester of phenylalanine and aspartic acid
c) Ethyl ester of phenyl alanine and aspartic acid
d) Ethyl ester of aspartic acid and phenyl alanine
65) Which of the following is used as a bulk property detector in HPLC?
a) UV-visible detector b) Diode array detector c) Refractive index detector d) Fluorescence detector
66) Which of the following drug is biosynthesized from Lysine?
a) Pilocarpus b) Asthma weed c) Aconite d) Holarhhena
67) Sugar coated tablet having disintegration time is……………
a) 15 min b) 60 min c) 30 min d) 45 min
68) Drugs used in the treatment of Insulinoma is……………
a) Chlorambucil b) Tolbutamide c) Streptozotocin d) Melphalan
69) Which of the following used as stabilizer in the parenteral products………..?
a) Na sulfate b) Na caprylate c) Na desoxycholate d) Na CMC
70) Most commonly used radiation source in atomic absorption spectroscopy is…………….
a) Tungsten lamp b) Xenon discharge lamp c) Hollow cathode lamp d) Mercury vapour lamp
71) Anorgasmia side effect produced by…………..
a) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
b) Tricyclic antidepressant
c) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
d) All of the above
72) Which of the following drug is contraindicated in type IIa hyperlipoproteinamia……….?
a) Probucol b) Colestipol c) Acipimox d) Fish oil
73) Mediastinal fibrosis side effects produced by……………..
a) Propranolol b) Sumatriptan c) Methysergide d) Cyproheptadine
74) Number of peaks given by 1H NMR spectrum of P-xylene is…………..
a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
75) USP dissolution apparatus 4 used for ……………
a) Capsule b) Tablet c) Low solubility of drugs d) Emulsion
76) The heterocyclic ring present in dipyridamole is………..
a) Pyridine b) Piperidine c) Pyarazine d) Piperazine
77) Which form no is used for import of biological drugs( C/C1)…………
a) 9 b) 12-A c) 11-A d) 24-A
78) Paper chromatography is based on…………….
a) Adsorption b) Exclusion c) Affinity d) Partition
79) α-[ 2-( diisopropylamino) ethyl]-α-phenyl-2-pyridine acetamide is……………..
a) Amiodarone b) Mexiletine c) Disopyramide d) Procainamide
80) Which of the following is non-competitive inhibitor of citric acid cycle enzyme called α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
a) Fluoroacetate b) Arsenite c) Melonate d) Lithium
81) Imipenam is…………
p) Obtained from chromobacterium violaceum
q) It is given with cilastatin
r) It is monocyclic
s) Obtained from streptomyces cattelya
a) p,q b) q,s c) p,r d) r,s
82) Riedal-walker test ……
p) Measure the effectiveness of antibiotics
q) test organism E.coli
r) Test organism salmonella typhi
s) Measure effectiveness of anticeptics
a) p,q b) q,s c) p,r d) r,s
83) Which of the following problems associated with glass containers?
p) Weathering q) Corrosion problem r) Flaking s) Breathing
a) p,q b) p,r c) p,s d) r,s
84) Which transitions are given by benzoic acid under UV spectra………………
p) n π* q) π π* r) n δ* s) δ δ*
a) q,r b) r,s c) p,r d) p,q
85) Which of the following bio-chemical tests given by phenolic group containing amino acids……..?
p) Nin-hydrine reaction q) Nitroprusside reaction r) Millon's reaction s) Folin- coicalteau's test
a) p,s b) q,r c) r,s d) p,r
86) In aerosol container, gasket is made up of…………………
p) Buna-N q) Neoprine rubber r) Nylon s) Delrin
a) p,q b) q,r c) p,s d) p,r
Common data questions:
87) Sex pheromones used as………..
a) Sex hormones b) Fertilizers c) Plant growth regulators d) Pest control agent
88) Example of sex pheromones is………..
a) Nitrogen b) testosterone c) 7,8-epoxy 2- methylloctadecane d) Abscisic acid
89) Starting material for the synthesis of cinchocaine is………………
a) o- toluidine b) Picolinic acid c) Isatin d γ- picoline
90) The IUPAC name for cinchocaine is………….
a) 2-butoxy-N-[ 2-( dimethylamino)methyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
b) 2-butoxy-N-[ 2-( diethylamino)ethyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
c) 2-ethoxy-N-[ 2-( dimethylamino)ethyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
d) 2-ethoxy-N-[ 2-( diethylamino)methyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
In a formulation laboratory , tablet is to be formulated,the core tablet has bad taste and required protection from moisture.The
Tablet should also deliver the drug for local action in intestine:
91) Suggest suitable method………
a) Sugar coating b) Film coating c) Enteric coating d) Sub-coating
92) Choose the correct coating material………….
a) Sugar b) Acacia c) EC d) Acrylates
Linked questions:
Triamterine is diuretic drug.it is potassium sparing diuretic……….
93) It contains which is containing heterocyclic ring?
a) Quinoline b) Quinazoline c) Pteridine d) Pyrimidine
94) It's mechanism of action is…………..
a) Aldosterine antagonist b) Block luminal Na+ channel c) Block Na+/K+/2Cl- tranporter
d) Block Na+/Cl- transport
95) Pyrilamine is antihistaminic drug…………..
Pyrilamine is chemically………………
a) Amino alkyl ether b) Imidazole analogue c) Ethylene diamines d) Propylamines
96) Pyrilamine maleate is assayed as per IP by titrating with
a) 0.1 M NaOH b) 0.1 M Perchloric acid c) 0.1 M HCL d) 0.1 M silver nitrate
As per the woodward-fieser rule,the absorption maxima of the compound shown is calculated from the base value and the ring
Residue values………….
97) Base value is…….
a) 215 nm b) 253 nm c) 240 nm d) 217 nm
98) Absorption maxima is…………
a) 220 nm b) 230 nm c) 258 nm d) 268 nm
An organic compound " X" has an absorption maxima at 217 nm.It's Emax is 16,000.The absorbance is 0.64 when the cell length
is 1 cm..
The decomposition of drug in aqueous acid solution was found to follow first order reaction.The initial concentration was found
To be 0.056 M.The initial Concentration was found to be 0.056 M.The concentration after a period of 12 hrs was 4.10×102-
Moles/liter.The reaction rate constant is 0.02599 hr1-
99) What is the quantity of the drug remaining undecomposed after 8 hrs……..?
a) 0.455 moles/litre b) 0.25 moles/ litre c)0.0455 moles/litre d) 0.10 moles/litre
100) What is the amount of drug deteriorated during the period of 24 hrs?
a) 0.026 moles/litre b) 0.0026 moles/litre c) 0.03 moles/litre d) 0.053 moles/litre
Answersheet
1 c 21 b 41 b 61 d 81 b
2 b 22 b 42 c 62 d 82 d
3 b 23 a 43 c 63 b 83 b
4 d 24 b 44 a 64 a 84 b
5 b 25 c 45 a 65 c 85 b
6 c 26 d 46 b 66 b 86 a
7 d 27 b 47 d 67 b 87 d
8 a 28 d 48 b 68 c 88 c
9 d 29 d 49 c 69 b 89 c
10 b 30 d 50 d 70 c 90 c
11 c 31 d 51 b 71 a 91 c
12 c 32 c 52 d 72 d 92 d
13 c 33 b 53 b 73 c 93 c
14 d 34 b 54 d 74 c 94 a
15 a 35 c 55 d 75 c 95 c
16 a 36 d 56 d 76 b 96 b
17 c 37 c 57 d 77 a 97 a
18 d 38 b 58 c 78 d 98 b
19 a 39 a 59 b 79 c 99 c
20 d 40 b 60 c 80 b 100 a
MOCK TEST
1) The following gibberalin derivative is known as gibberalic acid…………
a) GA1 b) GA2 c) GA3 d) GA4
2) The following is the precursor for the synthesis of Dhurrin in sikkimic acid pathway…………..
a) Phenylalanine b) Tyrosine c) Linamarin d) Lotuustralin
3) Multicellular branched covering peltate trichomes are characteristic for…………..
a) Hammelis b) Humulus c) Verbascum Thapsus d) All of the above
4) Ranunculaceous stomata is the characteristic for ……..
a) Buchu b) Digitalis c) Lobelia d) All of the above
5) Moisture content limit for digitalis should not be more than……
a) 10 b) 05 c) 08 d) 15
6) The fluorescence exhibited by rhubarb under UV light is…………….
a) Purple blue b) Whitish blue c) Viloet d) Mauve
7) For the measurement of hypoglycemic activity, the following herbal extract is used…………..
a) karela b) Jambul c) Fenugreek d) All of the above
8) The total aerobic microbial load per gram of material ready for internal use is………….
a) 105 b) 102 c) 10 d) 103
9) Outgrowth arista( awn) is found in following drug……
a) Cardamom b) castor c) Nutmeg d) Stropanthus
10) The cathartic principle in momordica charantia is…….
a) Charantin b) Momordicin c) saponin d) Glucoside
11) From the following which one is immunomodulator drug,,,,,,,,,,,,,
a) Brahmi b) Jatamansi c) Ginseng d) All of the above
12) Rhytidoma is the characteristic for……..
a) Gokhru b) Rattle snake root c) Quillaia d)Brahmi
13) The bitter taste of gentiana lutea is due to…….
a) Gentisin b) Gentianine c) Amarogentin d) gentiopicrin
14) The following is the example of non-drying oil………..
a) Oilve oil b) Peanut oil c) Almond oil d) All of the above
15) Badouin's test is given by…………….
a) Sesame oil b)Oilve oil c) Peanut oil d) Almond oil
16) Carr price reaction is positive in case of……………
a) Vit.A b) Vit.B c) Vit.D d) Vit.B7
17) The following variety of cardamom does not show rugae among all the varieties…………..
a) Allepy cardamom b) Mysore cardamom c) Korarima cardamom d) Malabar cardamom
18) The following microscopical characters are true for fennel except…
a) Anomocytic stomata
b) Lignified and reticulate parenchyma
c) Rossete crystals of ca-oxalate
d) Trichomes and starch grains are absent
19) The outgrowth of nutmeg contains amylodextrin which gives following colour with iodine…………
a) red colour b) Blue colour c) Pink colour d) white colour
20) The following microscopical characters are false in case of Clove except one….and it is….
a) Clove contains diacytic stomata
b) Clove contains starch
c) Scizogenous oil glands
d) It contains anomocytic stomata
21) Ca-oxalate crystals and starch grains are absent in…..
p) Fennel q) Stropanthus r) Nux-vomica s) Physostigma
a) p,q b) p,r c) q,s d) r,s
22) The following variety is the commercial source of reserpine…………..
a) R.tetraphylla b) R.Vomitoria c) R.serpentina d) R.densiflora
23) Vitali-morin reaction is positive in case of………
a) Tropane alkaloids b) Quinoline c) Isoquinoline d) Purine alkaloids
24) Sunken trichomes and sunken stomata are present respectively in following drug……
p) Ephedra q) Colchicum r) Lobelia s) Gloriosa
a) p,r b) r,p c) q,r d) p,q
25) The IUPAC name for Prazepam is……
a) 7-chloro-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
b) 8-chloro-1-( Cyclobutylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
c) 7-chloro-1-( Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
d) 8-chloro-1-( Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-benzodiazepine-2-one
26) Buspirone contain following ring system……….
a) Spiran b) Piperazine c) Pyrimidine d) All of the above
27) 4-[3-[2-( trisfluoromethyl) phenazin-10-yl]propyl]-1-piperazineethanol tends for……………..
a) Perphenazine b) Fluphenazine c) Acetophenazine d) Trifluoperazine
28) 6-[ 2,3-dichloro phenyl)]-3,5-diamino triazine tends for following category of drug……………..
a) Anti-depressant b) Anti-psychotic c) Anxiolytic drug d) Anti-epileptic drug
29) The following is CNS stimulant drug…..
a) Mazindol b) Phendimetrazine c) Pemoline d) All of the above
30) The tricyclic anti-depressant drug trazodone contain following ring system…………
a) Piperazine b) Triazole c) Pyridine d) All of the above
31) The following is true for dobutamine except….
a) B1- receptor agonist
b) it is used in cardiogenic shock
c) (-) enantiomer is potent α1 agonist
d) (-) enantiomer is potent α2 agonist
32) The following drugs are used in benign prostatic hypertrophy ( BPH) …………….
p) Tamsulosin q) Clonidine r) Mifepristone s) Finasteride
a) p,r b) p,q c) p,s d) q,r
33) The mechanism of corynanthine is……………
a) Selective α2 receptor antagonist
b) Selective α1 receptor antagonist
c) non-selective α receptor antagonist
d) Selective β1-receptor agonist
34) Occulomucocutaneous syndrome is the side effect of following drug……
a) Metoprolol b) Practolol c) Albuterol d) Atenolol
35) The following drug is safe in hypertension in pragnency ……………
p) Methyl dopa q) Labeatalol r) Carvediol s) Ritodrine
a) p,s b) q,s c) p,q d) q,r
36) The following is the quinazoline ring containing drug………………..
a) Prazosin b) Methaqualone c) Metolazone d) All of the above
37) The IUPAC name for amiloride is…………….
a) 3,4-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide
b) 3,4-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropiperazine carboxamide
c) 3,5-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyrazine carboxamide
d) 3,5-diamino-N-( aminoiminomethyl)-6-chloropyridine carboxamide
38) 1-methyl-2-( 2,6-xylyloxy)-ethylamine is the IUPAC name for……………….
a) Lidocaine b) Mexiletine c) Encainide d) Flecainide
39) The following drug is only acting as arterial vasodilator………….
a) Hydralazine b) Na-nitroprusside c) Diazoxide d) Minoxidil
40) Among all the sulfonyl ureas, the following drug is having longer duration of action…..
a) Tolbutamide b) Chlorpropamide c) Acetohexamide d) Tolazamide
41) To filter the slurries containing the solids not more than 5 %, the following filter is used………..
a) Filterpress b) Filterleaf c) Meta fliter d) Membrane filter
42) If carr's index is 23-35 then flow is ……………
a) Excellent b) Fair to passable c) Poor d) Extremely poor
43) If the PKa of Phenobarbitone is 7.4.what fraction of drug would be ionized at pH 8.4?..............
a) 0.01 b) 0.50 c) 0.90 d) 1.00
44) The following is the example of cationic surfactant……………………
a) Benzalkonium chloride b) Polysorbate 80 c) SLS d) Sorbitan monooleate
45) The type of particle diameter that is obtained by microscopic method of evaluation is………………..
a) Projected b) Stokes' c) Volume d) Volume-surface
46) HEPA filters are widely used in ………………..
a) Autoclaves b) Laminar air flow hoods c) Gas sterilizers d) Oxygen masks
47) Inversion sucrose in syrup due to heat is known as…………….
a) Isomerization b) Epimerization c) Tautomeriation d) caramelization
48) carnauba wax is used in the following step of sugar coating of tablet:
a) Seal coating b) Polishing c) Sub-coating d) Syrup coating
49) One of the following diluent may discolour in the presence of amine containing drugs:
a) Avicel b) DCP c) Lactose d) Talc
50) Cam tracks are used in tablet formulation for………………
a) Feeding the granules b) Fixing the shape
c) Compressing the granules d) Guiding the movement of punches
51) Non-ionic surfactant vesicles relates to……….
a) Liposomes b) Niosomes c) Nanoparticles d) a and b both
52) Water insoluble coating materials used for microencapsulation include……………
a) Ethyl cellulose b) Polyethylene c) Polyamide d) All of the above
53) Schedule U1 tends for……………………….
a) Manufacturing and analytical records of drugs
b) Manufacturing and analytical records of cosmetics
c) Standards for patent or proprietary medicines
d) List of drugs marketed under generic name only
54) The test which is useful for the identification of M. tuberculosis…………….
a) Haemolysis b) Fermentation with sugar c) Gram-staining d) Zeihl-nelson staining
55) The following type of antigen associated with capsules…………..
a) H-antigens b) 0-antigens c) V-antigens d) K-antigens
56) Colchicine when treated with 70 % H2SO4 or HCL gives following colour…………………
a) Red colour b) Blue colour c) Green colour d) yellow colour
57) Quinine gives following positive test……………
a) Herpathite test b) Thaleoquin test c) Rosequin test d) All of the above
58) Schilber reagent is used for the detection of……………..
a) Glycosides b) Volatile oils c) Alkaloids d) Tannins
59) Noller test is used for the detection of………………..
a) ) Glycosides b) Volatile oils c) Alkaloids d) Tannins
60) Vit.requirement for microorganism Sytreptococcus pyogenes is……
a) Tryptophan b) Glutathione c) Riboflavin d) Vit.B12
61) The test organism used for validation of filtration sterilization is……..
a) Serratia marscenes b) Pseudomonas dimunata c) Vibrio percolans d) All of the above
62) The biological source for Cycloserine is…………
a) S.Orchidaceus b) S.garyphyllus c) S.lavandulus d) All of the above
63) Which of the following drug used in digitalis induced arrhythmias?.............
a) Verapamil b) Phenytoin c) Flecainide d) Procainamide
64) Aspartame is chemically…………….
a) Methyl ester of aspartic acid and phenylalanine
b) Methyl ester of phenylalanine and aspartic acid
c) Ethyl ester of phenyl alanine and aspartic acid
d) Ethyl ester of aspartic acid and phenyl alanine
65) Which of the following is used as a bulk property detector in HPLC?
a) UV-visible detector b) Diode array detector c) Refractive index detector d) Fluorescence detector
66) Which of the following drug is biosynthesized from Lysine?
a) Pilocarpus b) Asthma weed c) Aconite d) Holarhhena
67) Sugar coated tablet having disintegration time is……………
a) 15 min b) 60 min c) 30 min d) 45 min
68) Drugs used in the treatment of Insulinoma is……………
a) Chlorambucil b) Tolbutamide c) Streptozotocin d) Melphalan
69) Which of the following used as stabilizer in the parenteral products………..?
a) Na sulfate b) Na caprylate c) Na desoxycholate d) Na CMC
70) Most commonly used radiation source in atomic absorption spectroscopy is…………….
a) Tungsten lamp b) Xenon discharge lamp c) Hollow cathode lamp d) Mercury vapour lamp
71) Anorgasmia side effect produced by…………..
a) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
b) Tricyclic antidepressant
c) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
d) All of the above
72) Which of the following drug is contraindicated in type IIa hyperlipoproteinamia……….?
a) Probucol b) Colestipol c) Acipimox d) Fish oil
73) Mediastinal fibrosis side effects produced by……………..
a) Propranolol b) Sumatriptan c) Methysergide d) Cyproheptadine
74) Number of peaks given by 1H NMR spectrum of P-xylene is…………..
a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
75) USP dissolution apparatus 4 used for ……………
a) Capsule b) Tablet c) Low solubility of drugs d) Emulsion
76) The heterocyclic ring present in dipyridamole is………..
a) Pyridine b) Piperidine c) Pyarazine d) Piperazine
77) Which form no is used for import of biological drugs( C/C1)…………
a) 9 b) 12-A c) 11-A d) 24-A
78) Paper chromatography is based on…………….
a) Adsorption b) Exclusion c) Affinity d) Partition
79) α-[ 2-( diisopropylamino) ethyl]-α-phenyl-2-pyridine acetamide is……………..
a) Amiodarone b) Mexiletine c) Disopyramide d) Procainamide
80) Which of the following is non-competitive inhibitor of citric acid cycle enzyme called α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
a) Fluoroacetate b) Arsenite c) Melonate d) Lithium
81) Imipenam is…………
p) Obtained from chromobacterium violaceum
q) It is given with cilastatin
r) It is monocyclic
s) Obtained from streptomyces cattelya
a) p,q b) q,s c) p,r d) r,s
82) Riedal-walker test ……
p) Measure the effectiveness of antibiotics
q) test organism E.coli
r) Test organism salmonella typhi
s) Measure effectiveness of anticeptics
a) p,q b) q,s c) p,r d) r,s
83) Which of the following problems associated with glass containers?
p) Weathering q) Corrosion problem r) Flaking s) Breathing
a) p,q b) p,r c) p,s d) r,s
84) Which transitions are given by benzoic acid under UV spectra………………
p) n π* q) π π* r) n δ* s) δ δ*
a) q,r b) r,s c) p,r d) p,q
85) Which of the following bio-chemical tests given by phenolic group containing amino acids……..?
p) Nin-hydrine reaction q) Nitroprusside reaction r) Millon's reaction s) Folin- coicalteau's test
a) p,s b) q,r c) r,s d) p,r
86) In aerosol container, gasket is made up of…………………
p) Buna-N q) Neoprine rubber r) Nylon s) Delrin
a) p,q b) q,r c) p,s d) p,r
Common data questions:
87) Sex pheromones used as………..
a) Sex hormones b) Fertilizers c) Plant growth regulators d) Pest control agent
88) Example of sex pheromones is………..
a) Nitrogen b) testosterone c) 7,8-epoxy 2- methylloctadecane d) Abscisic acid
89) Starting material for the synthesis of cinchocaine is………………
a) o- toluidine b) Picolinic acid c) Isatin d γ- picoline
90) The IUPAC name for cinchocaine is………….
a) 2-butoxy-N-[ 2-( dimethylamino)methyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
b) 2-butoxy-N-[ 2-( diethylamino)ethyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
c) 2-ethoxy-N-[ 2-( dimethylamino)ethyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
d) 2-ethoxy-N-[ 2-( diethylamino)methyl]-quinoline-4-carboxamide
In a formulation laboratory , tablet is to be formulated,the core tablet has bad taste and required protection from moisture.The
Tablet should also deliver the drug for local action in intestine:
91) Suggest suitable method………
a) Sugar coating b) Film coating c) Enteric coating d) Sub-coating
92) Choose the correct coating material………….
a) Sugar b) Acacia c) EC d) Acrylates
Linked questions:
Triamterine is diuretic drug.it is potassium sparing diuretic……….
93) It contains which is containing heterocyclic ring?
a) Quinoline b) Quinazoline c) Pteridine d) Pyrimidine
94) It's mechanism of action is…………..
a) Aldosterine antagonist b) Block luminal Na+ channel c) Block Na+/K+/2Cl- tranporter
d) Block Na+/Cl- transport
95) Pyrilamine is antihistaminic drug…………..
Pyrilamine is chemically………………
a) Amino alkyl ether b) Imidazole analogue c) Ethylene diamines d) Propylamines
96) Pyrilamine maleate is assayed as per IP by titrating with
a) 0.1 M NaOH b) 0.1 M Perchloric acid c) 0.1 M HCL d) 0.1 M silver nitrate
As per the woodward-fieser rule,the absorption maxima of the compound shown is calculated from the base value and the ring
Residue values………….
97) Base value is…….
a) 215 nm b) 253 nm c) 240 nm d) 217 nm
98) Absorption maxima is…………
a) 220 nm b) 230 nm c) 258 nm d) 268 nm
An organic compound " X" has an absorption maxima at 217 nm.It's Emax is 16,000.The absorbance is 0.64 when the cell length
is 1 cm..
The decomposition of drug in aqueous acid solution was found to follow first order reaction.The initial concentration was found
To be 0.056 M.The initial Concentration was found to be 0.056 M.The concentration after a period of 12 hrs was 4.10×102-
Moles/liter.The reaction rate constant is 0.02599 hr1-
99) What is the quantity of the drug remaining undecomposed after 8 hrs……..?
a) 0.455 moles/litre b) 0.25 moles/ litre c)0.0455 moles/litre d) 0.10 moles/litre
100) What is the amount of drug deteriorated during the period of 24 hrs?
a) 0.026 moles/litre b) 0.0026 moles/litre c) 0.03 moles/litre d) 0.053 moles/litre
Answersheet
1 c 21 b 41 b 61 d 81 b
2 b 22 b 42 c 62 d 82 d
3 b 23 a 43 c 63 b 83 b
4 d 24 b 44 a 64 a 84 b
5 b 25 c 45 a 65 c 85 b
6 c 26 d 46 b 66 b 86 a
7 d 27 b 47 d 67 b 87 d
8 a 28 d 48 b 68 c 88 c
9 d 29 d 49 c 69 b 89 c
10 b 30 d 50 d 70 c 90 c
11 c 31 d 51 b 71 a 91 c
12 c 32 c 52 d 72 d 92 d
13 c 33 b 53 b 73 c 93 c
14 d 34 b 54 d 74 c 94 a
15 a 35 c 55 d 75 c 95 c
16 a 36 d 56 d 76 b 96 b
17 c 37 c 57 d 77 a 97 a
18 d 38 b 58 c 78 d 98 b
19 a 39 a 59 b 79 c 99 c
20 d 40 b 60 c 80 b 100 a
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